Steve, thanks for your comments which really capture for me the sense of urgency of addressing these questions of violence in and against the urban. I am very much looking forward to reading your book.

I have two questions (or sets of questions).

First, why do you think these anti-urban extremisms arise in this particular historical juncture? Is it a dialectical relation in which global urbanisation necessarily has its reactionary corollary? This would seem quite mechanistic and deny a certain amount of political agency to those extremists (i.e., would make them simply a reflex of urbanisation, which seems to underplay their agency). So how do we explain the emergence of these kinds of anti-urbanism right at the moment where urbanity becomes the predominant global form?

Second, what effect are these anti-urban extremisms having on the development of the city? How is urbanity and urbanisation evolving in relation to these forms of violence? Is it also giving rise to new counter-violences?